Original page: http://www.aip.org/enews/physnews/1996/physnews.261.htm
Number 261, March 6, 1996 by Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein
SQUEEZED PHONONS . By using ballistic sound pulses--- directional sound
waves that move considerable distances without scattering---as probes,
physicists have learned to image certain internal features of crystals
such as point defects. Indeed, the advent of "phonon optics,"
including the development of phonon mirrors, filters, lenses, and other
acoustical analogues of classical optical elements, has given scientists
a new way of looking inside solids. Another optical phenomenon, from the
realm of quantum optics, may also have an acoustic analogue. In "squeezed
light" (created by passing short laser pulses through special crystals)
the uncertainty in the amplitude of a laser beam can be reduced to a level
below that normally allowed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, a
level known as the zero-point quantum noise level. This increased knowledge
comes at the expense of greater uncertainty in the frequency of the light.
Squeezed light may have applications in data transmission and in high-precision
metrology. Now, Franco Nori (313-764-3271) at the University of Michigan
suggests that this same idea can be applied to phonons. Keeping in mind
that a phonon traveling through a solid is equivalent to the propagation
of a slight disturbance in the local arrangement of atoms in the solid,
then the creation of squeezed phonon states would lead to the possibility
of reducing the quantum fluctuations of atomic displacements to below the
zero-point noise level. (Xuedong Hu and Franco Nori, Physical Review Letters,
25 March 1996.)
X-RAY BURSTER/PULSAR. The first object known to be both an x-ray pulsar
(emitting regular pulses twice a second) and an x- ray burster (whose transient
bursts---up to 18 an hour---make it at times the brightest celestial x-ray
emitter) has been detected by the Gamma Ray Observatory. First spotted
in December 1995 near the galactic center, the object GRO J1744-28 is believed
by some theorists, such as Don Lamb at Chicago, to be a binary star system
in which the material from a dying normal star is being siphoned away by
a nearby neutron star. The infall of the material might be igniting thermonuclear
explosions at the surface of the neutron star. (C. Kouveliotou et al.,
Nature, 29 Feb. 1996; news item in Science, 23 Feb.)
BEAM CHANNELING AT 900 GEV. At accelerators, charged- particle beams
are usually steered with powerful magnets. But years ago physicists discovered
that a beam could also be deflected by passing it down the alleyways between
the rows of atoms in a bent crystal. Recently scientists at the Tevatron
Crystal Extraction Experiment succeeded in diverting the 900-GeV beam at
Fermilab through a 4-cm-long crystal shaped into a 640-microradian bend.
(CERN Courier, Jan/Feb 1996.)
PHDs ARE UP BUT 1ST-YEAR STUDENTS ARE DOWN , suggesting a coming downturn
in physics PhDs at U.S. universities. A new AIP report, "Enrollments
and Degrees Report" (January 1996), shows that physics PhD production
continues to rise: 1481 were granted in 1994, compared to 1369 the year
before. But the number of 1st-year graduate students is down 22% at PhD-granting
institutions and juniors are down 13% since 1992. (For more information
contact Patrick Mulvey, 301- 209-3076.)
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